Provisions are recognized when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a resultof a past event, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be requiredto settle the obligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When theCompany expects some or all of a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract,the reimbursement is recognized as a separate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtuallycertain. The expense relating to a provision is presented in the statement of Profit and Loss net of anyreimbursement.
Provisions are not discounted to their present value and are determined based on the best estimaterequired to settle the obligation at the reporting date. These estimates are reviewed at each reportingdate and adjusted to reflect the best estimate.
Contingent Liabilities
A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will beconfirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events beyond the controlof the Company or a present obligation that is not recognized because it is not probable that an outflow ofresources will be required to settle the obligation. A contingent liability also arises in extremely rare cases,where there is a liability that cannot be recognized because it cannot be measured reliably. The Companydoes not recognize a contingent liability but discloses its existence in the financial statements unless theprobability of outflow of resources is remote.
Provisions, contingent liabilities, contingent assets and commitments are reviewed at each balance sheetdate.
2.3.9.1 Short term obligations:
Liabilities for wages and salaries, including non-monetary benefits that are expected to be settled whollywithin 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render the related service arerecognized in respect of employee's service up to the end of reporting period and are measured at theamounts expected to be paid when the liabilities are settled. The liabilities are presented as currentemployee benefit obligation in the balance sheet.
2.3.9.2 Other Long term employee benefit obligations:
The liabilities for earned leave are not expected to be settled wholly within 12 months after the end of theperiod in which the employees render the related service. They are therefore measured based on theactuarial valuation using projected unit credit method at the year end. The benefits are discounted usingthe market yields at the end of the reporting period that have terms approximating to the term of therelated obligation. Re-measurements as a result of experience adjustments and changes in actuarialassumptions are recognized in profit or loss.
2.3.9.3 Post-employment obligations: The Company operates the following post-employmentschemes:
2.3.9.3.1 Defined benefit plans such as gratuity; and
2.3.9.3.2 Defined contribution plans such as provident fund.
Gratuity Obligations:
Gratuity liability is a defined benefit obligation and is provided for on the basis of an actuarial valuation onprojected unit credit method made at the end of each financial year.
Re-measurements, comprising of actuarial gains and losses, the effect of the asset ceiling, excludingamounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability and the return on plan assets(excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability), are recognizedimmediately in the Balance Sheet with a corresponding debit or credit to retained earnings through OCI inthe period in which they occur. Re-measurements are not reclassified to profit or loss in subsequentperiods.
Net interest is calculated by applying the discount rate to the net defined benefit (liabilities/assets). TheCompany recognized the following changes in the net defined benefit obligation under employee benefitexpenses in statement of profit and loss
• Service cost comprising current service cost, past service cost, gain & loss on curtailments and non¬routine settlements.
• Net interest expenses or income.
The disclosures of significant accounting judgements, estimates and assumptions relating to revenuefrom contracts with customers.
Revenue from contract with customers
Revenue from contracts with customers is recognized when control of the goods or services aretransferred to the customer at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the Company expects tobe entitled in exchange for those goods or services. The Company has concluded that it is the principal inits revenue arrangements, because it typically controls the goods or services before transferring them tothe customer.
Revenue from sale of goods is recognized at the point in time when control of the goods is transferred tothe customer, on delivery of the goods. The normal credit term is 7 to 30 days upon delivery. TheCompany considers whether there are other promises in the contract that are separate performanceobligations to which a portion of the transaction price needs to be allocated. In determining thetransaction price for the sale of goods, the Company considers the effects of variable consideration, theexistence of significant financing components, non-cash consideration, and consideration payable to thecustomer (if any).
If the consideration in a contract includes a variable amount, the Company estimates the amount ofconsideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for transferring the goods to the customer. Thevariable consideration is estimated at contract inception and constrained until it is highly probable that asignificant revenue reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur when theassociated uncertainty with the variable consideration is subsequently resolved.
Contract balances
Contract Assets
A contract asset is the right to consideration in exchange for goods or services transferred to thecustomer. If the Company performs by transferring goods or services to a customer before the customerpays consideration or before payment is due, a contract asset is recognized for the earned considerationthat is conditional.
Trade receivables
A receivable represents the Companies right to an amount of consideration that is unconditional (i.e., onlythe passage of time is required before payment of the consideration is due). Refer to accounting policiesof financial assets in section financial instruments - initial recognition and subsequent measurement.
Contract liabilities
A contract liability is the obligation to transfer goods or services to a customer for which the Company hasreceived consideration (or an amount of consideration is due) from the customer. If a customer paysconsideration before the Company transfers goods or services to the customer, a contract liability isrecognized when the payment is made or the payment is due (whichever is earlier). Contract liabilities arerecognized as revenue when the Company performs under the contract.
Interest income
For all debt instruments measured either at amortized cost or at fair value through other comprehensiveincome, interest income is recorded using the effective interest rate (EIR). EIR is the rate that exactlydiscounts the estimated future cash payments or receipts over the expected life of the financial instrumentor a shorter period, where appropriate, to the gross carrying amount of the financial asset or to theamortized cost of a financial liability. When calculating the effective interest rate, the Company estimatesthe expected cash flows by considering all the contractual terms of the financial instrument (for example,prepayment, extension, call and similar options) but does not consider the expected credit losses.
2.3.11 LeasesCompany, as a lessee
The Company as a lessee, recognizes a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for its leasingarrangements, if the contract conveys the right to control the use of an identified asset. The contractconveys the right to control the use of an identified asset, if it involves the use of an identified asset andthe Company has substantially all of the economic benefits from use of the asset and has right to directthe use of the identified asset.
The cost of the right-of-use asset shall comprise of the amount of the initial measurement of the leaseliability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date plus any initial directcosts incurred. The right-of-use assets is subsequently measured at cost less any accumulateddepreciation, accumulated impairment losses, if any and adjusted for any remeasurement of the leaseliability. The right-of-use assets is depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencementdate over the shorter of lease term or useful life of right-of-use asset.
The Company measures the lease liability at the present value of the lease payments that are not paid atthe commencement date of the lease. The lease payments are discounted using the interest rate implicitin the lease, if that rate can be readily determined. If that rate cannot be readily determined, the Companyuses incremental borrowing rate.
For short-term and low value leases, the Company recognizes the lease payments as an operatingexpense on a straight-line basis over the lease term.
The Company as a lessor
Leases for which the Company is a lessor is classified as a finance or operating lease. Whenever theterms of the lease transfer substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership to the lessee, the contractis classified as a finance lease. All other leases are classified as operating leases. When the Company isan intermediate lessor, it accounts for its interests in the head lease and the sublease separately.
The sublease is classified as a finance or operating lease by reference to the ROU asset arising from thehead lease. For operating leases, rental income is recognized on a straight line basis over the term of therelevant lease.
The Company measures financial instruments, such as, derivatives at fair value at each balance sheetdate.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderlytransaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is basedon the presumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
i. In the principal market for the asset or liability, or
ii. In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the asset or liability
The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.
The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants woulduse when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that market participants act in their economic bestinterest.
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant's ability togenerate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to anothermarket participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use.
The Company uses valuation techniques that are appropriate in the circumstances and for whichsufficient date are available to measure fair value, maximizing the use of relevant observable inputs andminimizing the use of unobservable inputs.
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements arecategorized within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows, based on the lowest level input that issignificant to the fair value measurement as a whole:
a. Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
b. Level 2 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair valuemeasurement is directly or indirectly observable
c. Level 3 - Valuation techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant to the fair valuemeasurement is unobservable.
For assets and liabilities that are recognized in the financial statements on a recurring basis, theCompany determines whether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessingcategorization (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as awhole) at the end of each reporting period.
The Company's management determines the policies and procedures for both recurring and non¬recurring fair value measurement, such as derivative instruments measured at fair value.
External values are involved for valuation of significant assets, such as properties and financial assetsand significant liabilities. Involvement of external values is decided upon annually by the management.The management decided, after discussions with the Company's external values which valuationtechniques and inputs to use for each case.
At each reporting date, the management analyses the movements in the values of assets and liabilitieswhich are required to be re-measured or re-assessed as per the Company's accounting policies.
The management in conjunction with the Company's external values, also compares the change in thefair value of each asset and liability with relevant external sources to determine whether the change isreasonable.
For the purpose of fair value disclosures, the Company has determined classes of assets and liabilities onthe basis of the nature, characteristics and risks of the asset or liability and the level of the fair valuehierarchy as explained above.
The preparation of the Company's financial statements requires management to make judgments,estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of revenues, expenses, assets and liabilities,and the accompanying disclosures, and the disclosure of contingent liabilities. Uncertainty about theseassumptions and estimates could result in outcomes that require a material adjustment to the carryingamount of the asset or liability affected in future periods.
Judgments
In the process of applying the Company's accounting policies, management has made the followingjudgments, which have the most significant effect on the amounts recognized in the financial statements.
Operating lease commitments - Company as lessee
The Company has taken various properties on leases. The Company has determined, based on anevaluation of the terms and conditions of the arrangements, such as the lease term not constituting asubstantial portion of the economic life of the commercial property, and that it does not retain all thesignificant risks and rewards of ownership of these properties and accounts for the contracts as operatingleases.
Estimates and assumptions
The key assumptions concerning the future and other key sources of estimation uncertainty at thereporting date, that have a significant risk of causing a material adjustment to the carrying amounts ofassets and liabilities within the next financial year, are described below. The Company based itsassumptions and estimates on parameters available when the financial statements were prepared.Existing circumstances and assumptions about future developments, however, may change due tomarket changes or circumstances arising beyond the control of the Company. Such changes are reflectedin the assumptions when they occur.
Uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation of complex tax regulations, changes in tax laws, andthe amount and timing of future taxable income. Given the wide range of business relationships and thelong-term nature and complexity of existing contractual agreements, differences arising between theactual results and the assumptions made, or future changes to such assumptions, could necessitatefuture adjustments to tax income and expense already recorded. The Company establishes provisions,based on reasonable estimates. The amount of such provisions is based on various factors, such asexperience of previous tax audits and differing interpretations of tax regulations by the taxable entity andthe responsible tax authority. Such differences of interpretation may arise on a wide variety of issuesdepending on the conditions prevailing in the respective domicile of the companies.
The cost of defined benefit plans (i.e. Gratuity benefit) is determined using actuarial valuations. Anactuarial valuation involves making various assumptions which may differ from actual developments inthe future. These include the determination of the discount rate, future salary increases, mortality ratesand future pension increases. Due to the complexity of the valuation, the underlying assumptions and itslong-term nature, a defined benefit obligation is highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. Allassumptions are reviewed at each reporting date. In determining the appropriate discount rate,management considers the interest rates of long-term government bonds with extrapolated maturitycorresponding to the expected duration of the defined benefit obligation. The mortality rate is based onpublicly available mortality tables for the specific countries. Future salary increases and pensionincreases are based on expected future inflation rates.
When the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities recorded in the balance sheet cannot bemeasured based on quoted prices in active markets, their fair value is measured using valuationtechniques including the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) model. The inputs to these models are taken fromobservable markets where possible, but where this is not feasible, a degree of judgment is required inestablishing fair values. Judgments include considerations of inputs such as liquidity risk, credit risk andvolatility. Changes in assumptions about these factors could affect the reported fair value of financialinstruments.
Borrowing cost includes interest expense as per effective interest rate [EIR]. Borrowing costs directlyattributable to the acquisition, construction or production of an asset that necessarily takes a substantialperiod of time to get ready for its intended use or sale are capitalized as part of the cost of the asset untilsuch time that the asset are substantially ready for their intended use. Where funds are borrowedspecifically to finance a project, the amount capitalized represents the actual borrowing incurred. Wheresurplus funds are available out of money borrowed specifically to finance project, the income generatedfrom such current investments is deducted from the total capitalized borrowing cost. Where funds used tofinance a project form part of general borrowings, the amount capitalized is calculated using a weightedaverage of rate applicable to relevant general borrowing of the Company during the year. Capitalization ofborrowing cost is suspended and charged to profit and loss during the extended periods when the activedevelopment on the qualifying project is interrupted. All other borrowing costs are expensed in the periodin which they occur. Borrowing costs consist of interest and other costs that an entity incurs in connectionwith the borrowing of funds. Borrowing cost also includes exchange differences arising from foreigncurrency borrowings to the extent that they are regarded as an adjustment to the borrowing costs.
The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may beimpaired. If any indication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, theCompany estimates the assets recoverable amount. An asset's recoverable amount is the higher of anassets or cash-generating units (CGU) fair value less costs of disposal and its value in use.
Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset, unless the asset does not generate cashinflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or groups of assets. When the carryingamount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired andIn assessing value in use, the estimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using apre-tax discount rate that reflects current market assessments of the time value of money and the risksspecific to the asset.
In determining fair value less costs of disposal, recent market transactions are taken into account. If nosuch transactions can be identified, an appropriate valuation model is used. These calculations arecorroborated by valuation multiples, quoted share prices for publicly traded companies or other availablefair value indicators.
The Company bases its impairment calculation on detailed budgets and forecast calculations, which areprepared separately for each of the Company's CGUs to which the individual assets are allocated. Thesebudgets and forecast calculations generally cover a period of five years. For longer periods, a long-termgrowth rate is calculated and applied to project future cash flows after the fifth year. To estimate cash flowprojections beyond periods covered by the most recent budgets/forecasts, the Company extrapolatescash flow projections in the budget using a steady or declining growth rate for subsequent years, unlessan increasing rate can be justified. In any case, this growth rate does not exceed the long-term averagegrowth rate for the products, industries, or country or countries in which the entity operates, or for themarket in which the asset is used.
Impairment losses of operations, including impairment on inventories, are recognized in the statement ofprofit and loss, except for properties previously revalued with the revaluation surplus taken to OCI. Forsuch properties, the impairment is recognized in OCI up to the amount of any previous revaluationsurplus.
After impairment depreciation is provided on the revised carrying amount of the asset over its remainingeconomic life. An assessment is made in respect of assets at each reporting date to determine whetherthere is an indication that previously recognized impairment losses no longer exist or have decreased. Ifsuch indication exists, the Company estimates the asset's or CGU's recoverable amount. A previouslyrecognized impairment loss is reversed only if there has been a change in the assumptions used todetermine the asset's recoverable amount
since the last impairment loss was recognized. The reversal is limited so that the carrying amount of theasset does not exceed its recoverable amount, nor exceed the carrying amount that would have beendetermined, net of depreciation, had no impairment loss been recognized for the asset in prior years.Such reversal is recognized in the statement of profit or loss unless the asset is carried at a revaluedamount, in which case, the reversal is treated as a revaluation increase.
Government grants are recognized where there is reasonable assurance that the grant will be receivedand all attached conditions will be complied with. When the grant relates to an expense item, it isrecognized as income on systematic basis over the periods that the related costs, for which it is intendedto compensate, are expensed. When the grant relates to an asset, it is recognized as income in equalamounts over the expected useful life of the related asset. However, if any export obligation is attached tothe grant related to an asset, it is recognized as income on the basis of accomplishment of the exportobligation.
When the Company receives grants of non-monetary assets, the asset and the grant are recorded at fairvalue amounts and released to profit or loss over the expected useful life in a pattern of consumption ofthe benefit of the underlying asset i.e. by equal annual installments.
Basic and diluted earnings per Equity Share are computed in accordance with Indian AccountingStandard 33 ‘Earnings per Share', notified accounting standard by the Companies (Indian AccountingStandards) Rules of 2015 (as amended). Basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing the net profitor loss attributable to equity holder of Company (after deducting preference dividends and attributabletaxes, if any) by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. Partly paidequity shares are treated as a fraction of an equity share to the extent that they are entitled to participatein dividends relative to a fully paid equity share during the reporting period. The weighted averagenumber of equity shares outstanding during the period is adjusted for events such as bonus issue, bonuselement in a rights issue, share split, and reverse share split (consolidation of shares) that have changedthe number of equity shares outstanding, without a corresponding change in resources.
For the purpose of calculating diluted earnings per share, the net profit or loss for the period, attributableto equity shareholders of the Company and the weighted average number of shares outstanding duringthe period are adjusted for the effects of all dilutive potential equity shares.
Liabilities in respect of Income Tax and Sales Tax have been accounted for on the basis of respectivereturns filed with the relevant authorities. Additional demand, if any, arising at the time of assessment isaccounted for in the year in which assessment is completed. Income Tax assessments have beenassessed up to the assessment year 2021-22 and there is no outstanding demand is case of completedassessments except Correction u/s 154 has been filed for assessment year 2020-21 against demand ofRs. 60540/-. Sales Tax assessments have been completed up to financial year 2016-17. The Demandshave been raised by the Sales Tax Department and the Excise Department on account of Entry Tax,CENVAT Credit, Penalty etc. The Status of such assessments is provided below:
The amounts disclosed in the table relating to employee benefits are the amounts recognised as anexpense during the reporting period related to key management personnel.
Outstanding balances of Unsecured Loan of the Directors at the year-end are unsecured and interest freeand settlement occurs in cash. There have been no guarantees provided or received for any related partyreceivables or payables. For the year ended 31st March 2024, the Company has not recorded anyimpairment of receivables relating to amounts owed by related parties. This assessment is undertakeneach financial year through examining the financial position of the related party and the market in whichthe related party operates.
The Company offsets tax assets and liabilities if and only if it has a legally enforceable right to set offcurrent tax assets and current tax liabilities and the deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities relateto income taxes levied by the same tax authority.
The Company has tax losses (Business Loss) of INR 18,09,55,020 (pertaining to A.Y. 2018-2019) andINR 5,09,23,546 (pertaining to A.Y. 2016-2017) that are available for offsetting for eight years againstfuture taxable profits of the companies in which the losses arose.
The management assessed that trade receivables, cash and cash equivalents, other bank balances, loansand advances to related parties, interest receivable, trade payables, capital creditors, other current financialassets and liabilities are considered to be the same as their fair values, due to their short-term nature.
The fair value of loans from banks and other financial liabilities are estimated by discounting future cash flowsusing rates currently available for debt on similar terms, credit risk and remaining maturities. The valuationrequires management to use observable and unobservable inputs in the model, of which the significantobservable and unobservable inputs are disclosed below. Management regularly assesses a range ofreasonably possible alternatives for those significant observables and unobservable inputs and determinestheir impact on the total fair value.
The fair value of the financial assets and liabilities is included at the amount at which the instrument could beexchanged in a current transaction between willing parties, other than in a forced or liquidation sale. Thefollowing methods and assumptions were used to estimate the fair values:
The Company enters into derivative financial instruments such as foreign exchange forward contracts beingvalued using valuation techniques, which employs the use of market observable inputs. The Company usesMark to Market provided by Bank for valuation of these derivative contracts.
The fair values of the Company's interest-bearing borrowings are determined by using DCF method usingdiscount rate that reflects the issuer's borrowing rate as at the end of the reporting period. The own non¬performance risk as at March 31,2024 was assessed to be insignificant.
The Company uses the following hierarchy for determining and disclosing the fair value of financialinstruments by valuation technique:
Level 2: other techniques for which all inputs that have a significant effect on the recorded fair value areobservable, either directly or indirectly
Level 3: techniques that use inputs that have a significant effect on the recorded fair value that are notbased on observable market data.
For the purpose of the Company's capital management, capital includes issued equity attributable to theequity shareholders of the Company, Liability Component of compound financial instrument (CFI),security premium and all other equity reserves. The primary objective of the Company's capitalmanagement is that it maintains an efficient capital structure and maximize the shareholder value. TheCompany manages its capital structure and makes adjustments in light of changes in economicconditions and the requirements of the financial covenants. To maintain or adjust the capital structure, theCompany may adjust the dividend payment to shareholders, return capital to shareholders or issue newshares. The Company monitors capital using a gearing ratio, which is net debt divided by total capital plusnet debt. The Company includes within net debt, interest bearing loans and borrowings, trade and otherpayables, less cash and cash equivalents, other bank balances.
The Preference shares amounting to Rs. 15,00,00,000 were issued on respective dates (15/01/2016:Rs.3,00,00,000, 11/02/2016: Rs.3,00,00,000, 31/12/2020: Rs.3,00,00,000, 20/03/2021: Rs 6,00,00,000).In accordance with IND AS-109, the equity and debt component of Preference shares were segregated inthe year of their issue. Hence, interest amounting to Rs. 25,12,655 relates to this debt component ofPreference shares issued. Hence, this interest charged is a mere presentation requirement of IND AS-109. The relevant effects have also been provided in recording deferred tax liability/asset in accordancewith IND AS-12.
The Company availed SAFASU Loan amounting Rs.53,49,00,000 on 30/11/2018. The Company wasoffered this loan at 5% rate of interest, which was less than the prevailing market rate at time of issue.Hence, the fair value of differential rate of interest was recorded as deferred income. The actual rate ofinterest charged by bank is Rs. 40,11,750. Remaining Rs. 85,89,340 amount is mere presentation of INDAS-109. The same amount has been transferred from deferred income to other non-operating income.
The Company availed GECL Loan amounting Rs.5,00,00,000 on 13/01/2022. The Company was offeredthis loan at 7.40% rate of interest, which was less than the prevailing market rate at time of issue. Hence,the fair value of differential rate of interest was recorded as deferred income. The actual rate of interestcharged by bank is Rs. 36,91,435. Remaining Rs. 27,91,156 amount is mere presentation of IND AS-109.The same amount has been transferred from deferred income to other non-operating income.
The Company's executive committee examines the Company's performance from a product andgeographic perspective and has identified two reportable segments of its business:
This part of the business manufactures and market Sugar and its byproducts (Molasses,bagasse). The main raw material is Sugar cane. The Company has its Manufacturing Plant atVillage Aurangabad, Tehsil Nawabganj, Distt. Bareilly (Uttar Pradesh).
Under this segment of the business the Company generates power and provide commercialSupply to UPPCL under power purchase agreement of 7-MW signed with UPPCL Lucknow (UttarPradesh).
35. The previous year expenses amounting to Rs. 34,24,960/- relate to contribution given to installoxygen plant at the premises as per the directions of the UP Government in the FY 2021-22.
36. Approval of Financial Statements
The Financial Statements have been approved for issue by the Board of Directors on 30th May 2024.
For Oswal Overseas Limited
Sd/- Sd/- Sd/-
(AIJAZ AHMAD) (ANOOP KUMAR SHRIVASTAVA) (PARAMJEET SINGH)
CFO DIRECTOR MANAGING DIRECTOR
Sd/-
(Lalit Kumar)
Company Secretary
FOR DSRV AND CO LLPCHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS
(CA. MOHIT KUMAR)
Place: Panchkula Partner
Date: 30.05.2024 Membership No. 542901
FRN: 006993N