I. PROVISIONS
Provisions are recognised when the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a pastevent, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle theobligation and a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation. When the Company expects some orall of a provision to be reimbursed, for example, under an insurance contract, the reimbursement is recognised as aseparate asset, but only when the reimbursement is virtually certain. The expense relating to a provision is presentedin the statement of profit and loss net of any reimbursement.
J. PROPERTY, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
Property, plant and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and where applicable accumulatedimpairment losses.
The Cost of an item of Property, plant and equipment comprises:
a. its purchase price including import duties and nonrefundable purchase taxes after deducting trade discounts andrebates
b. any attributable expenditure directly attributable for bringing an asset to the location and the working conditionfor its intended use and
c. the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located,the obligation for which an entity incurs either when the item is acquired or as a consequence of having used theitem during a particular period for purposes other than to produce inventories during that period.
The Company has elected to continue with the carrying value of all its PPE recognised as on April 1, 2015 measuredas per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as its deemed cost as on transition date.
Depreciation is provided on Straight Line Method on the basis of useful lives of such assets specified in Schedule II tothe Companies Act, 2013 except the assets costing H 5000/- or below on which depreciation is charged @ 100%.Depreciation is calculated on pro-rata basis.
Advances paid towards the acquisition of property, plant and equipment outstanding at each balance sheet date isclassified as capital advances under other non-current assets and the cost of assets not put to use before such dateare disclosed under 'Capital work-in-progress'.
Subsequent expenditures relating to property, plant and equipment is capitalized only when it is probable that futureeconomic benefits associated with these will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably.Repairs and maintenance costs are recognized in net profit in the statement of profit and loss when incurred. Thecost and related accumulated depreciation are eliminated from the financial statements upon sale or retirement ofthe asset and the resultant gains or losses are recognized in the statement of profit and loss. Assets to be disposedoff are reported at the lower of the carrying value or the fair value less cost to sell. Depreciation is recognised so asto write off the cost of assets (other than freehold land and properties under construction) less their residual valuesover their useful lives, using the straight-line method. The estimated useful lives, residual values and depreciationmethod are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with the effect of any changes in estimate accounted foron a prospective basisIntangible assets
Intangible assets with finite useful lives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated amortisationand accumulated impairment losses. Amortisation is recognised on a straight-line basis over their estimated usefullives. The estimated useful life and amortisation method are reviewed at the end of each reporting period, with theeffect of any changes in estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis. Intangible assets with indefinite usefullives that are acquired separately are carried at cost less accumulated impairment losses.
The Company has elected to continue with the carrying value of all its intangible assets recognised as on April 1, 2015measured as per the previous GAAP and use that carrying value as its deemed cost as on transition date.
An intangible asset is derecognised on disposal, or when no future economic benefits are expected from use ordisposal. Gains or losses arising from derecognition of an intangible asset, measured as the difference betweenthe net disposal proceeds and the carrying amount of the asset, are recognised in profit or loss when the asset isderecognised.
At the end of each reporting period, the Company reviews the carrying amounts of its tangible and intangible assetsto determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If any suchindication exists, the recoverable amount of the asset is estimated in order to determine the extent of theimpairment loss (if any). When it is not possible to estimate the recoverable amount of an individual asset, theCompany estimates the recoverable amount of the cash-generating unit to which the asset belongs. When areasonable and consistent basis of allocation can be identified, corporate assets are also allocated to individualcash-generating units, or otherwise they are allocated to the smallest Company of cash-generating units for which areasonable and consistent allocation basis can be identified.
Intangible assets with indefinite useful lives and intangible assets not yet available for use are tested for impairmentat least annually, and whenever there is an indication that the asset may be impaired.
Recoverable amount is the higher of fair value less costs of disposal and value in use. In assessing value in use, theestimated future cash flows are discounted to their present value using a pre-tax discount rate that reflects currentmarket assessments of the time value of money and the risks specific to the asset for which the estimates of futurecash flows have not been adjusted.
If the recoverable amount of an asset (or cash-generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, thecarrying amount of the asset (or cash-generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount. An impairment loss isrecognised immediately in profit or loss.
When an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or a cash-generating unit) isincreased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, but so that the increased carrying amount does notexceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss been recognised for theasset (or cash-generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in profit orloss.
K. CONTINGENT LIABILITIES
A contingent liability is a possible obligation that arises from past events whose existence will be confirmed by theoccurrence or non-occurrence of one or more uncertain future events beyond the control of the company or a presentobligation that is not recognised because it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle theobligation. A contingent liability also arises in extremely rare cases where there is a liability that cannot be recognisedbecause it cannot be measured reliably. The contingent liability is not recognised in books of account but its existenceis disclosed in financial statements.
L. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equityFinancial Assets
Initial recognition and measurement:
The Company recognizes a financial asset in its Balance Sheet when it becomes party to the contractual provisions ofthe instrument. All financial assets are recognized initially at fair value, plus in the case of financial assets not recordedat fair value through profit or loss ("FVTPL"), transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition of the financialasset.
Where the fair value of a financial asset at initial recognition is different from its transaction price, the differencebetween the fair value and the transaction price is recognized as a gain or loss in the Statement of Profit and Loss atinitial recognition if the fair value is determined through a quoted market price in an active market for an identicalasset (i.e. level 1 input) or through a valuation technique that uses data from observable markets (i.e. level 2 input).
In case the fair value is not determined using a level 1 or level 2 input as mentioned above, the difference betweenthe fair value and transaction price is deferred appropriately and recognized as a gain or loss in the Statement ofProfit and Loss only to the extent that such gain or loss arises due to a change in factor that market participants takeinto account when pricing the financial asset.
However, trade receivables that do not contain a significant financing component are measured at transaction price.
After initial measurement, such financial assets are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effectiveinterest rate (EIR) method. Amortised cost is calculated by taking into account any discount or premium and fees orcosts that are an integral part of the EIR. The EIR amortization is included in finance income in the Statement of Profitand Loss. The losses arising from impairment are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
A financial asset is measured at FVTOCI if it is held within a business model whose objective is achieved by bothcollecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets and the contractual terms of the financial asset give riseon specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amountoutstanding.
A financial asset which is not classified in any of the above categories are measured at FVTPL.
All equity investments within the scope of Ind-AS 109 are measured at fair value. Such equity instruments which areheld for trading are classified as FVTPL. For all other such equity instruments, the Company decides to classify thesame either as FVOCI or FVTPL. The Company makes such election on an instrument-by-instrument basis. Theclassification is made on initial recognition and is irrevocable.
A financial asset (or, where applicable, a part of a financial asset or part of a group of similar financial assets) isderecognized (i.e. removed from the Company's balance sheet) when any of the following occurs:
- The contractual rights to the cash flows from the asset expires;
- The Company transfers its contractual rights to receive cash flows of the financial asset and has substantiallytransferred all the risks and rewards of ownership of the financial asset.
- The Company neither transfers nor retains substantially all risk and rewards of ownership and does not retain controlover the financial asset.
In cases where Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all of the risks and rewards of the financialasset, but retains control of the financial asset, the Company continues to recognize such financial asset to the extentof its continuing involvement in the financial asset. In that case, the Company also recognizes an associated liability.The financial asset and the associated liability are measured on a basis that reflects the rights and obligations that theCompany has retained. If the Company retains substantially all the risks and rewards of ownership of a transferredfinancial asset, the Company continues to recognize the financial asset and also recognizes a collateralized borrowingfor the proceeds received.
In accordance with Ind AS 109, the Company uses 'Expected Credit Loss' (ECL) model, for evaluating impairment offinancial assets other than those measured at fair value through profit and loss (FVTPL).
Expected credit losses are measured through a loss allowance at an amount equal to:
- The 12-months expected credit losses (expected credit losses that result from those default events on the financialinstrument that are possible within 12 months after the reporting date); or
- Full lifetime expected credit losses (expected credit losses that result from all possible default events over the lifeof the financial instrument).
For trade receivables Company applies 'simplified approach' which requires expected lifetime losses to be recognisedfrom initial recognition of the receivables.
ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Company in accordance with the contractand all the cash flows that the entity expects to receive (i.e., all cash shortfalls), discounted at the original effectiveinterest rate.
Lifetime ECL are the expected credit losses resulting from all possible default events over the expected life of afinancial asset. 12-month ECL are a portion of the lifetime ECL which result from default events that are possiblewithin 12 months from the reporting date.
ECL impairment loss allowance (or reversal) recognized during the period is recognized as income/ expense in theStatement of Profit and Loss under the head 'Other expenses'.
The Company recognizes a financial liability in its Balance Sheet when it becomes party to the contractual provisionsof the instrument. All financial liabilities are recognized initially at fair value minus, in the case of financial liabilitiesnot recorded at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL), transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition ofthe financial liability.
Where the fair value of a financial liability at initial recognition is different from its transaction price, the differencebetween the fair value and the transaction price is recognized as a gain or loss in the Statement of Profit and Loss atinitial recognition if the fair value is determined through a quoted market price in an active market for an identicalasset (i.e. level 1 input) or through a valuation technique that uses data from observable markets (i.e. level 2 input).
In case the fair value is not determined using a level 1 or level 2 input as mentioned above, the difference betweenthe fair value and transaction price is deferred appropriately and recognized as a gain or loss in the Statement ofProfit and Loss only to the extent that such gain or loss arises due to a change in factor that market participants takeinto account when pricing the financial liability.
All financial liabilities of the Company are subsequently measured at amortized cost using the effective interestmethod, Except For trade and other payables maturing within one year from the balance sheet date, the carryingamounts approximate fair value due to the short maturity of these instruments.
Under the effective interest method, the future cash payments are exactly discounted to the initial recognition valueusing the effective interest rate. The cumulative amortization using the effective interest method of the differencebetween the initial recognition amount and the maturity amount is added to the initial recognition value (net ofprincipal repayments, if any) of the financial liability over the relevant period of the financial liability to arrive at theamortized cost at each reporting date. The corresponding effect of the amortization under effective interest methodis recognized as interest expense over the relevant period of the financial liability. The same is included under financecost in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Financial liabilities are derecognised when these are extinguished, that is when the obligation is discharged, cancelledor has expired. The difference between the carrying amount of the financial liability derecognized and theconsideration paid is recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss.
Financial assets and liabilities are offset and the net amount is reported in the Balance Sheet where there is a legallyenforceable right to offset the recognised amounts and there is an intention to settle on a net basis or realise theasset and settle the liability simultaneously. The legally enforceable right must not be contingent on future eventsand must be enforceable in the normal course of business and in the event of default, insolvency or bankruptcy ofthe Company or the counterparty.
The Company measures financial instruments at fair value in accordance with the accounting policies mentionedabove. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderlytransaction between market participants at the measurement date. The fair value measurement is based on thepresumption that the transaction to sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
- In the Principal market for assets or Liabilities or
- In the absence of a Principal market, in the most advantageous market for the assets or liability
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financial statements are categorizedwithin the fair value hierarchy that categorizes into three levels, described as follows, the inputs to valuationtechniques used to measure value. The fair value hierarchy gives the highest priority to quoted prices in activemarkets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 inputs) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3inputs).
Level 1 — quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities
Level 2 — inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability,
either directly or indirectly
Level 3 — inputs that are unobservable for the asset or liability
N. IMPAIRMENT OF NON-FINANCIAL ASSETS
The Company assesses, at each reporting date, whether there is an indication that an asset may be impaired. If anyindication exists, or when annual impairment testing for an asset is required, the Company estimates the asset'srecoverable amount. An asset's recoverable amount is the higher of an asset's or cash-generating units (CGU) fairvalue less costs of disposal and its value in use. Recoverable amount is determined for an individual asset. Unless theasset does not generate cash inflows that are largely independent of those from other assets or Company's assets.When the carrying amount of an asset or CGU exceeds its recoverable amount, the asset is considered impaired andis written down to its recoverable amount.
The objective of IND AS 36 is to ensure that the assets are carried at no more than their recoverable amount. Howeversince the company is under CIR Process, estimation of recoverable amount can be done only after the receipt of theResolution Plan. In view of the same, realisability of economic value of the fixed assets cannot be determined pendingcompletion of the CIRP.
O. CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS
Cash and cash equivalent in the balance sheet comprise cash at banks and on hand and short-term deposits whichare subject to an insignificant risk of changes in value.
P. INVENTORIES
Inventories are valued at cost or net realizable value, whichever is lower. The cost in respect of the various items ofinventory is computed as under:
In case of raw materials at weighted average cost plus direct expenses. The cost includes cost of purchase andother costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
In case of stores and spares at weighted average cost plus direct expenses. The cost includes cost of purchase andother costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location and condition.
In case of work in progress at raw material cost plus conversion costs depending upon the stage of completion.
In case of finished goods at raw material cost plus conversion costs, packing cost, non recoverable indirect taxes (ifapplicable) and other overheads incurred to bring the goods to their present location and condition.
In case of by-products at estimated realizable value.
Net realizable value is the estimated selling price in ordinary course of business, less estimated costs of completionand the estimated costs necessary to make the sale.
Contribution to provident fund is accounted on accrual basis with corresponding contribution to recognized fund.
The Company pays gratuity to the employees whoever has completed five years of service with the Company at thetime of resignation/superannuation. The gratuity is paid @15 days salary for every completed year of service as perthe Payment of Gratuity Act 1972.
The gratuity liability amount is contributed to the approved gratuity fund formed exclusively for gratuity payment tothe employees. The gratuity fund has been approved by respective IT authorities.
The liability in respect of gratuity and other post-employment benefits is calculated using the Projected Unit CreditMethod and spread over the period during which the benefit is expected to be derived from employees' services.
All expenses represented by current service cost, past service cost, if any, and net interest on the defined benefitliability (asset) are recognized in the Statement of Profit and Loss. Remeasurements of the net defined benefit liability(asset) comprising actuarial gains and losses and the return on the plan assets (excluding amounts included in netinterest on the net defined benefit liability/asset), are recognized in Other Comprehensive Income. Suchremeasurements are not reclassified to the Statement of Profit and Loss in the subsequent periods.
The Company presents the above liability/(asset) as current and non-current in the balance sheet as per actuarialvaluation by the independent actuary; however, the entire liability towards gratuity is considered as current as theCompany will contribute this amount to the gratuity fund within the next twelve months.
Liabilities for wages and salaries, including non-monetary benefits and entitlements to Annual leave that areexpected to be settled wholly within 12 months after the end of the period in which the employees render therelated service are recognised in respect of employees' services up to the end of the reporting period and aremeasured at the amounts expected to be paid when the liabilities are settled.
There is Different policy for leave encashment at different location as belowFor Bangalore:
A worker can accumulate total EL up to 30 days. Workers who have accumulations in excess of 15 EL's as on 31st ofDecember each year will be entitled for leave encashment for the excess over 15 ELs in that Financial Year. This excessleave encashment will be paid to workers before the end of that financial year. EL of upto 15 days shall be carriedforward to next calendar year. Leave Encashment will be paid on gross salary to workers.
For staff category Accumulated EL over and above 15 EL's if not availed will be lapsed. At the time of resignation/termination /retirement, the balance EL will be paid on Basic salary & DA as on last working day up to 15EL's only intheir Full & Final Settlement.
Company does not follow the said policy for Leave Encashment or any other pension plans/schemes. All the unusedleaves outstanding as on 31st March gets lapsed and does not get accumulated.
R. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per equity share are computed by dividing the net profit attributable to the equity holders of theCompany by the weighted average number of equity shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings perequity share is computed by dividing the net profit attributable to the equity holders of the Company by the weightedaverage number of equity shares considered for deriving basic earnings per equity share and also the weightedaverage number of equity shares that could have been issued upon conversion of all dilutive potential equity shares.The dilutive potential equity shares are adjusted for the proceeds receivable had the equity shares been actuallyissued at fair value (i.e. the average market value of the outstanding equity shares). Dilutive potential equity sharesare deemed converted as of the beginning of the period, unless issued at a later date. Dilutive potential equity sharesare determined independently for each period presented.
In the application of the Company's accounting policies, which are described as stated above, the Board of Directorsof the Company are required to make judgements, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amounts of assetsand liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are basedon historical experience and other factors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from theseestimates.
The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates arerecognized in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only the period of the revision andfuture periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.
Key sources of uncertainty.
In the application of the Company accounting policies, the management of the Company is required to makejudgements, estimates and assumptions about the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities that are not readilyapparent from other sources. The estimates and associated assumptions are based on historical experience and otherfactors that are considered to be relevant. Actual results may differ from these estimates.
The estimates and underlying assumptions are reviewed on an ongoing basis. Revisions to accounting estimates arerecognised in the period in which the estimate is revised if the revision affects only that period or in the period of therevision and future periods if the revision affects both current and future periods.
The following are the areas of estimation uncertainty and critical judgements that the management has made in theprocess of applying the Company's accounting policies and that have the most significant effect on the amountsrecognised in the financial statements:
The cost of the defined benefit plan and other post-employment benefits and the present value of such obligationare determined using actuarial valuations. An actuarial valuation involves making various assumptions that may differfrom actual developments in the future. These include the determination of the discount rate, future, salary increases,mortality rates and future pension increases. Due to the complexities involved in the valuation and its long- termnature, a defined benefit obligation is highly sensitive to changes in these assumptions. All assumptions are reviewedat each reporting date.
Management reviews the useful lives of depreciable/ amortisable assets at each reporting date. As at March 31, 2024management assessed that the useful lives represent the expected utility of the assets to the Company.
Some of the Company's assets and liabilities are measured at fair value for financial reporting purposes. The board ofdirectors of the Company approves the fair values determined by the Chief Financial Officer of the Company includingdetermining the appropriate valuation techniques and inputs for fair value measurements.
In estimating the fair value of an asset or liability, the Company uses market-observable data to the extent isavailable. Where Level 1 inputs are not available, the Company engages third party qualified valuers to perform thevaluation. The Chief Financial Officer works closely with the qualified external valuers to establish appropriatevaluation techniques and inputs to the model.
Information about the valuation techniques and inputs used in determining the fair value of various assets andliabilities are disclosed in note 29.
Contingent Liability:
In ordinary course of business, the Company faces claims by various parties. The Company annually assesses suchclaims and monitors the legal environment on an ongoing basis, with the assistance of external legal counsel,wherever necessary. The Company records a liability for any claims where a potential loss is probable and capableofbeing estimated and discloses such matters in its financial statements, if material. For potential losses that areconsidered possible, but not probable, the Company provides disclosures in the financial statements but does notrecord a liability in its financial statements unless the loss becomes probable.
Income Tax:
The Company's tax jurisdiction is India. Significant judgements are involved in determining the provision for incometaxes including judgement on whether tax positions are probable of being sustained in tax assessments. A taxassessment can involve complex issues, which can only be resolved over extended time periods
Inventory:
Management has carefully estimated the net realizable values of inventories, taking into account the most reliableevidence available at each reporting date. The future realization of these inventories may be affected by marketdriven changes.
T. BASIS OF SELECTION AND CHANGE IN ACCOUNTING POLICY
Accounting policies are the specific principles, bases, conventions, rules and practices applied by an entityinpreparing and presenting financial statements.
An entity shall select and apply its accounting policies consistently for similar transactions, other events andconditions, unless an INDAS specifically requires or permits categorization of items for which different policiesmaybe appropriate . If an Ind AS requires or permits such categorization , an appropriate accounting policy shallbe selected and applied consistently to each category.
An entity shall change an accounting policy only if the change :
(a) Is required by an Ind AS; or
(b) results in the financial statements providing reliable and more relevant information about the effectsoftransactions, other events or conditions on the entity's financial position, financial performance orcashflows.
Applying changes in accounting policies
(a) an entity shall account for a change in accounting policy resulting from the initial application of an Ind ASinaccordance with the specific transitional provisions, if any, in that Ind AS; and
(b) when an entity changes an accounting policy upon initial application of an Ind AS that does not includespecific transitional provisions applying to that change, or changes an accounting policy voluntarily, itshall apply the change retrospectively.
U. APPLICATION OF NEW ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS
Ministry of Corporate Affairs ("MCA") through Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules,2019and Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Second Amendment Rules, 2019 notifies new standard oramendments to the standards. There is no such new notification which would be applicable from April 1, 2024