k. PROVISIONS, CONTINGENT LIABILITIES AND CONTINGENT ASSETS
Provisions involving substantial degree of estimation in measurement are recognizedwhen there is a present obligation as a result of past events, and it is probable thatthere will be an outflow of resources. Contingent liabilities are not recognized butare disclosed in the notes. Contingent assets are neither recognized nor disclosed inthe financial statements.
l. FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS
A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to a financial asset of one entityand a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity.
Initial Measurement:
All financial assets are recognised initially at fair value plus, in the case of financialassets not recorded at fair value through profit or loss, transaction costs that areattributable to the acquisition of the financial asset. Purchases or sales of financialassets that require delivery of assets within a time frame established by regulation orconvention in the market place (regular way trades) are recognised on the tradedate, i.e., the date that the Company commits to purchase or sell the asset.
Subsequent Measurement:
Subsequent measurement is determined with reference to the classification of therespective financial assets and the contractual cash flow characteristic of thefinancial assets, the company classifies financial assets as subsequently measured atamortized cost, fair value through other comprehensive income or fair value throughprofit and loss.
Financial Assets carried at amortised cost
A financial asset is measured at amortised cost if it is held within a business modelwhose objective is to hold the asset in order to collect contractual cash flows and thecontractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows thatare solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding
Financial Assets at fair value through other Comprehensive Income (FVOCI)
A financial asset is measured at FVOCI if it is held within a business model whoseobjective is achieved by both collecting contractual cash flows and selling financialassets and the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to
cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amountoutstanding.
Financial Assets at fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL)
A financial asset which is not classified in any of the above categories are measuredat FVTPL
Debt instruments included within the FVTOCI category are measured at fair valuewith all changes recognized in profit and loss. However currently the company doesnot have any financial instrument in this category.
Equity Investment
All equity investments in scope of Ind AS 109 are measured at fair value exceptunquoted equity investments which are stated at cost. Equity instruments which areheld for trading are classified as at FVTPL. For other equity instruments, the companydecides to classify the same either as at FVTOCI or FVTPL. The company makes suchelection on an instrument by instruments basis. The Classification is made on initialrecognition and is irrevocable.
If the company decides to classify an equity instrument as at FVTOCI, all fair valuechanges on the instrument, excluding dividends are recognized in othercomprehensive income. There is no recycling of the amount from othercomprehensive income to profit and loss even on sale of investment. However, thecompany may transfer the cumulative gain or loss within equity.
Equity instruments included within the FVTPL category are measured at fair valuewith all changes recognized in the profit or loss.
m. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENT
The Company measures financial assets and financial liability at fair value at eachbalance sheet date.
Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer aliability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurementdate. The fair value measurement is based on the presumption that the transactionto sell the asset or transfer the liability takes place either:
- In the principal market for the asset or liability, or
- In the absence of a principal market, in the most advantageous market for the assetor liability
The principal or the most advantageous market must be accessible by the Company.The fair value of an asset or a liability is measured using the assumptions that marketparticipants would use when pricing the asset or liability, assuming that marketparticipants act in their economic best interest.
A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a marketparticipant's ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highestand best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset inits highest and best use. The Company uses valuation techniques that areappropriate in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available tomeasure fair value, maximising the use of relevant observable inputs and minimisingthe use of unobservable inputs.
All assets and liabilities for which fair value is measured or disclosed in the financialstatements are categorised within the fair value hierarchy, described as follows,based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement as awhole:
- Level 1 - Quoted (unadjusted) market prices in active markets for identical assets orliabilities
- Level 2 - Valuation Techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant tothe fair value measurement is directly or indirectly observable
- Level 3 - Valuation Techniques for which the lowest level input that is significant tothe fair value measurement is unobservable. For assets and liabilities that arerecognised in the financial statements on a recurring basis, the Company determineswhether transfers have occurred between levels in the hierarchy by re-assessingcategorisation (based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair valuemeasurement as a whole) at the end of each reporting period.
The Management analyses the movements in the values of assets and liabilitieswhich are required to be remeasured or re-assessed as per the Company'saccounting policies. For this analysis, the Management verifies the major inputsapplied in the latest valuation by agreeing the information in the valuationcomputation and other relevant documents.
o. FINANCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES AND POLICIESFinancial Risk Factors
The Company's financial risk management is an integral part of how to plan andexecute its business strategies. The Company's overall risk management programfocuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimise potentialadverse effects on the financial performance of the Company.
Market risk is the risk that changes in market prices, such as foreign exchange rates,interest rates and equity prices will affect the Company's income or the value of itsholdings of financial instruments. The objective of market risk management is tomanage and control market risk exposures within acceptable parameters, whileoptimising the return.
The Company has financial assets which are at fixed interest rates and is thereforenot exposed to the risks associated with the effects of fluctuation in interest rates.
Foreign currency risk is the risk that the fair value or future cash flows of a financialinstrument will fluctuate because of changes in foreign exchange rates. As thecompany does not deal in forex transaction, there is not foreign risk.
Credit Risk represents the potential loss that the Company would incur if counterparties fail to perform pursuant to the terms of their obligations to the Company.The Company limits its credit risk by carrying out transactions. The maximumexposure to credit risk is represented by the carrying amount of each financial assetin the statement of financial position.
There is no risk in terms of Bank Balances, since the counterparty is a reputable bankwith high quality external credit ratings.
Liquidity risk is the risk that the Company will not be able to meet its financialobligations as they fall due. The Company's approach to managing liquidity is toensure, as far as possible, that it will always have sufficient liquidity to meet itsliabilities when due, under both normal and stressed conditions, without incurringunacceptable losses or risking damage to the Company's reputation. The Companymanages liquidity risk by maintaining adequate reserves, by continuously monitoringforecast and actual cash flows and matching the maturity profiles of the financialassets and liabilities.
The Company has elected to apply the derecognition requirements for financialassets and financial liabilities in Ind AS 109 prospectively for transactions occurringon or after the date of transition to Ind AS.
The Company has classified the financial assets and liabilities in accordance with IndAS 109 on the basis of facts and circumstances that existed at the date on transitionto Ind AS.